Wars, civil unrest and the dynamics of enslavement in West Central Africa, 1607-60 4. I have never claimed, writes Van Sertima, that Africans created or founded the Olmec civilizationThey left a significant influence upon itand that is more than can be said of any other Old World group visiting the native American or emigrating to the continent before Columbus.34, A study of the Olmec civilization reveals elements that are remarkably similar to the ritual traits and techniques in the Egypto-Nubian world of the same period. He also appeared before a Congressional Committee on July 7, 1987 to challenge the Columbus myth. 1940 excavation of a thousand-year-old Olmec site near Veracruz. It asserted the historical participation of Black Africa as far back as the birth of the Egyptian civilization. Visions for Black Men Nashville: Winston-Derek, 1991. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA, United States guidelines Step-by-step Tutorials, Michael brown processus de la presence pdf, the presence of the past rupert sheldrake pdf, Introduction dun document comme preuve en labsence de lauteur, Cisco telepresence conductor administrator guide, Gc 178 leave application and absence report. As early as the nineteenth century wrote Jonathan Leonard, a specialist on early Mexico, reports had come from this coastal region [the Mexican gulf coast] of gigantic heads with Negroid features., not yet tainted by certain currents of modern (and perhaps not so modern) anthropology, reacted quite normally to this newly found evidence of [the] black mans presence in ancient America. What makes the Tres Zapotes, La Venta and other Olmec sites unique is that the artifacts are similar in nature to artifacts and icons of the Mycenaean, the Malinke-Mande/Bambara and the Shang. A bird with a human head also appears in a relief from Izapa, Mexico;37 and Mexican sarcophagi leave an opening in the tomb as do the Egyptians, for the birds escape from the dead.38, Jairazbhoy also shows remarkable similarities between several gods in the Egyptian underworld and those of Olmec Mexico. Pope Victor I (AD 189-199) popularized Latin as the common language of the church, thereby making Christianity more democratic and accessible to ordinary people. Stone carving of Negroid person found in area close to Washitaw Territories, Southern U.S. Directed by REMONE L. FOSTER, LL.B IMPORTANT NOTICE The first topic on the CAPE History Unit 1 syllabus requires students to consider one Advanced indigenous group (Maya, Inca or Aztec) and one simple indigenous group (Tupi, Kalinago and Taino). The original Olmecs were Native Americans who were very probably colonized and acculturated by Africans who settled their homeland. Other scholars contend that numerous navigators sailed to the Americas from West Africa when the medieval empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay flourished in that region.46 In light of the vast evidence available (far more, for example, than that of the Vikings) of an African presence in ancient America, why is this information virtually unknown to the general public? Muslims first came to North America in the 1500s as part of colonial expeditions. Publication date 1992 Topics Blacks . Racial Gaps in Early Childhood Socio-emotional nccp.org Out of Stock. The African presence is proven by stone heads, terra cottas, skeletons, artifacts, techniques and inscriptions, by oral traditions and documented history, by botanical, linguistic and cultural data. except a strong Negroid substratum connected with the Magicians [Olmecs].27 Finally, in February of 1975, a team from the Smithsonian Institute reported the discovery of two Negroid male skeletons in a grave in the U.S. Virgin Islands. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The Ancient Ancestors of Egypt and West Africa traveled to To begin with, and as a significant example, a Feb. 15, 1986, report carried by the, chronicled that: "The oldest Stone Age hut in Japan has been unearthed near Osaka. In The First Americans Were Africans, Dr. Imhotep also makes this same passionate and comprehensive case for a radical rewrite of orthodox history. African Presence in early Asia. ), Matthew M. Stirling, Discovering the New World: Oldest Dated Work of Man,, W. Hayes III, The African Presence in America Before Columbus,. The unmistakable face and handprint of black Africans in pre-Columbian America, and their overwhelming impact on the civilizations they encountered is undeniable. On the strength of the colossal Olmec heads and other evidence, several early Mexican scholars concurred with Melgars contention that Black people settled the New World, particularly Mexico, in antiquity. One of these articles, African Popes, discussed the lives of the three African pontiffs: St. Victor I (189-199), St. Miltiades (311-314) and St Sun 17 September 2017 16:00 - 19:00. BLACK CIVILIZATIONS OF ANCIENT AMERICA (MUU-LAN), MEXICO (XI), Stone carving of a Shaman or priest from Columbia's San Agustine Culture, An ancient West African Oni or King holding similar artifacts as the San Agustine culture stone carving of a Shaman, Meso-American pyramid with stepped appearance, built about 2500 years ago, Stepped Pyramid of Sakkara, Egypt, built over four thousand years ago, compare to Meso-American pyramid. Many web browsers, such as Chrome, Firefox, and Safari, now use their own PDF viewer instead of the Adobe PDF plug-in. The existence of foregone lost civilizations is an established fact. 575, Acropolis and Sanctuary of Demeter Malophoros, Selinus, Sicily.pdf, CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT INDIAN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGES PART 2.docx, Plasma Petroglyphs (Plasmaglyphs), Earthworks, and the Megafauna Extinction, Religion at Gbekli Tepe and later in the same region, Introductory Guide to Ancient Civilizations, Behind The Veil of Tears: II Ashes of the Phoenix, Chapter 2 Early writing systems and civilizations from the book Neo-Eneolithic Literacy in Southeastern Europe, CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT INDIAN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGES PART 3.docx, ANCIENT INDIAN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGES APN CHAPTER 3 PART 3.docx, Divine origins of ancient Egyptian sacred symbolism and architecture in its global concept, ANCIENT RELIGION OF INDIAN CONTINENT CHAPTER 4 ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY APN.docx Part -2.docx, Ancient Alien Architect Hypothesis and EPEMC (Brief. Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman: Portrait of an American Hero by Kate Clifford Larson 9.99; Black Athena revisited 15.99; A Kid's Guide to African American History: More than 70 Activities (A Kid's Guide series) 7.99; To move a continent : Kwame Nkrumah's role in African affairs, 1957-1966 9.99 Ivan Van Sertima. They appear to represent priest-kings who ruled vast territories in Mesoamerica [Mexico and Central America] during the Olmec period, which is to be considered later herein. Black History, American History. On September 24th, 2016, the National Museum of African American History and Culture opened in Washington, D.C. Seafaring allowed Europe to conquer the world. In this summary, however, we are confining ourselves to a particular geographic region (the Gulf of Mexico), a particular culture complex or civilization (known as Olmecs), and a particular period of history (948-680 B.C. They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America. Historian Nicholas Cheetham writes of the exaggeratedly Negroid features of the stone heads.20 Finally, another scholar, Floyd Hayes, has provided the following thought provoking assessment of the racial significance of the colossal stone heads: One might merely ask himself: if Africans were not present in the Americas before Columbus, why the typically African physiognomy on the monuments? This volume presents what is presently known about the links between Africa and America before the age of Columbus. Further Reading "African American History in the American West." How African was the early human dispersal out of Africa, Dr. Scobie was a major authority on the African presence in early Western Europe. cit., p.65. The first civilization to appear in America, called the Olmec culture was founded by AfricansThe original Maya were probably AfricansThe Aztecs, Zapotecs, Toltecs, and Maya usually occupied. ed. Then, suddenly, sometime after the first millennium B.C., this region became the center of a full-blown civilization that had no detectable antecedents. <>>> Atlantic Creole culture: patterns of transformation and adaptations, 1607-60 5. In Egyptian mythology the human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the tomb. He is the author of Introduction to the Study of African Classical Civilizations] (1993) and the editor of Unchained African Voices, a collection of poetry and prose by Death Row inmates at California's San Quentin maximum-security prison. Are you ready to meet us and our scholars in the public so that the world may see who is a liar and who is telling the truth? New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. However, during the early 1940s archeologists uncovered a civilization known as the Olmecs of 1200 BC, which pre-dated any other advanced civilization in the Americas. Why would native Americans venerate images so unmistakably African if they had never seen them before? As in Darien, these Africans were also captives of war among the native Americans. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA, be revised before people could look again at the hypothesis of an African presence in early America. Loewen, James A. "The African presence is proven by stone heads, terra cottas, skeletons, artifacts, techniques and inscriptions, by oral traditions and documented history, by botanical, linguistic and cultural data. Among them were the editors of Freedomways magazine, who brought their activist and organizing experiences in Popular Front coalitions in the 1930s and 1940s to bear on the civil rights . Collossol Afro-Olmec head of basalt wearing Nubian type war helmet, circa 1100 B.C. In light of the vast evidence available (far more, for example, than that of the Vikings) of an African presence in ancient America, why is this information virtually unknown to the general public? These substances are known to only be derived from American plants. stream Author David Imhotep cites a number of scientists and scholars who have identified prehistoric skulls and skeletons of Black people of the Austro-Negrito type, dating back to as early as 56,000 years ago, throughout the New World. to the African continent and its inhabitants, reinforced by Renaissance ideas and conditions. . station39.cebu It has now become common knowledge amongst academics that Christopher Columbus clearly did not discover America, not least because is it impossible to discover a people and a continent that was already there and thriving with culture. The most striking similarities between the two cultures are seen in the magnificent stone structures that have been found on both sides of the Atlantic. Three early popes were African. CAPE EVIDENCE OF WEST AFRICAN MOVEMENTS TO THE AMERICAS LESSON 2. The information presented on this page and in the brochure is explored at greater length in Fishers' Discovering Early California Afro-Latino Presence (Heyday Books, 2010). These were the first Negroes that had been seen in the Indies.4 Peter Martyr, the first prominent European historian of the New World, stated that the Black men seen by Balboa and his companions were shipwrecked Africans who had taken refuge in the local mountains.5, Father Fray Gregoria Garcia, a priest of the Dominican order who spent nine years in Peru during the early sixteenth century, identified an island off of Cartagena, Columbia as the place where the Spanish first found Black people in the New World. Understand evolution from watch groups to formalized police agencies. How African was the early human dispersal out of Africa, The roots of the Hispanic/Latino presence in the U.S. go back to colonial times when most of the countrys southern flank was under Spanish rule. In America we have no antecedents for the construction of pyramids, for example, whereas there is a clear series of evolving steps and stages [in pyramid building] in the Egypto-Nubian world.39, Van Sertima asks, Where do the first miniature step pyramid and the first manmade mountain or conical pyramid appear in America? Pre-Columbus civilization in the Americas had its foundation built by Africans and developed by the ingenuity of Native Americans. What is the significance of this meeting of Africans and Native Americans? I ask you: Are you ready for the showdown? Privateering, colonial expansion and the African presence in Early Anglo-Dutch Settlements 2. When viewed in their totality these cultural similarities strongly suggest that there was contact between the ancient Africans from the Nile Valley and the Olmec people. Similarities across early American and African religions also indicate significant cross-cultural contact. There is now undisputed scientific proof that the first Americans were descended from Africans or Australian aborigines, according to evidence in a new BBC documentary. Islam in the African-American Experience Second Edition Peter Martyr, the first prominent European historian of the New World, stated that the Black men seen by Balboa and his companions were shipwrecked Africans who had taken refuge in the local mountains. Jews Selling Blacks: Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews, "I Have Been Vindicated," Interview Final Call, 1992, How the Jews Crushed a Black Slave Revolt. Speaking specifically about the African influence on the Olmec culture, historian Zecharia Sitchin provides this view: It is an embarrassing enigma, because it challenges scholars and prideful nationalists to explain how people from, In a world accustomed to suppressing, distorting, ignoring or denying the achievements of Black Africans it is difficult to accept the historical paradigm shift mandated by the evidence presented here. Ever since Christopher Columbus first suggested that Black Africans preceded him to the New World, a number of scholars have investigated this contention. Ani, Marimba. 4. 1 Privateering, Colonial Expansion, and the African Presence in Early Anglo-Dutch Settlements 5 2 The Portuguese, Kongo, and Ndongo and the Origins of Atlantic Creole Culture to 1607 49 many african americans only obsess over egypt because its a way to counter the. Villacorta, has written: Any way you view it, Mexican civilization had its origin in Africa.14 Finally, historian Orozco y Berra declared in his History of the Conquest of Mexico, that there was, unquestionably, a significant, ongoing, and intimate pre-Columbian relationship between Mexicans and Africans.15. except a strong Negroid substratum connected with the Magicians [Olmecs]., Any objective analysis of the evidence clearly shows that Black people reached the Americas thousands of years before Columbus. A number of black leftists survived the most repressive years of the early Cold War to participate in the post-war African American civil rights movement. He was visiting professor at Princeton University and lectured at more than one hundred colleges and universities. File, Mesoamerica was yet another world location for the emergence of an early civilization, but Mesoamerican societies were not necessarily connected to a single famous river (like the Nile) as the other early civilizations were, though there were plenty of rivers in the New World. The book makes a carefully balanced case for an African presence in America before Columbus' voyages. Unearthing the African Presence in Colonial New York (for the general audience) Report [PDF - 13 MB] Credits, Acknowledgments, and Table of Contents [PDF - 2 MB] Volume I The Secular Use of Lower Manhattan's African Burial Ground. Everybody has to become aware of this revision of history. After the Civil War, the racist legacy of slavery . Villacorta, has written: Any way you view it, Mexican civilization had its origin in Africa., Cleared of the surrounding earth, it [the colossal head] presented an awe-inspiring spectacle. THE PRESENCE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SCHOLARSHIP IN EARLY, THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN ANCIENT AMERICA REVISITED WITH RUNOKO RASHIDI An exciting new DVD by Runoko Rashidi! Marquez, adds that [s]everal isolated but concordant facts permit the conjecture that before the formation and development of the three great ethnographic groupsa great part of Amcerica was occupied by [the] Negroid type., The oldest inhabitants of Mexico, according to some, were Negroes, and according to others, the Otomies. As time allows us to drift further and further away from the European age of exploration and we move beyond an age of racial intellectual prejudice, historians are beginning to recognize that Africans were skilled navigators long before Europeans, contrary to popular belief. Raboteau has said, all African-American study "speaks to the deeper meaning of the African-American presence in this nation. As Columbus Day (October 12) approaches and as we celebrate the 40th anniversary of the publication of They Came Before Columbus by the late Rutgers University professor, Ivan Van Sertima, we must reveal to the world the grandeur of Africa by highlighting the achievements of some of its great navigators and rulers. endobj Marquez, adds that [s]everal isolated but concordant facts permit the conjecture that before the formation and development of the three great ethnographic groupsa great part of Amcerica was occupied by [the] Negroid type.12. Conspicuous among these shared elements are those adopted by the monarchies in both civilizations, and appear in a combination too arbitrary and unique to be independently duplicated.35 They include the following: The double crown, the royal flail, the sacred boat or ceremonial bark of the kings, the religious value of the color purple and its special use among priests and people of high rank; the artificial beard, feathered fans and the parasol or ceremonial umbrella. Dr. Runoko Rashidi, They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient How central the role was that African Americans played has never been completely told and, unfortunately, a pivotal part of that history has been excluded from this exhibit. In the following account the authors Anthony D. Hill, associate professor of drama at The Ohio State University, and Douglas Q. Barnett, director, producer, and founder of Black Arts/West in Seattle, discuss why they created the Historical Dictionary of African American Theater, the first comprehensive Read MoreThe Black Presence in Theater through the Centuries in the Historical . $.' Atlantic Africa and the Spanish Caribbean, Dr. Scobie was a major authority on the African presence in early Western Europe. As in Darien, these Africans were also captives of war among the native Americans.6 Also during the sixteenth century after the advent of Columbus, but before the universal enslavement of Africans Cabello de Balboa cited a group of seventeen Black people who, after being shipwrecked in Ecuador, became governors of an entire province of native Americans.7. Conspicuous among these shared elements are those adopted by the monarchies in both civilizations, and appear in a combination too arbitrary and unique to be independently duplicated.. Price African presence in early America. Jairazbhoy believes that the earliest settlers were ancient Egyptians led by King Ramesis III, during the nineteenth dynasty. He furthermore cites a document of Francisco Nunez Vega (1691), who describes an ancient calendar found in Chiapas that mentions seven negritos representing the seven planets.9. Jairazbhoy believes that the earliest settlers were ancient Egyptians led by King Ramesis III, during the nineteenth dynasty.44 Van Sertima contends that a small but significant number of men and a few women, in a fleet protected by a military force, moved west down the Mediterranean toward North Africa in the period 948-680 B.Cand got caught in the pull of one of the westward currents off the North African coast, either through storm or navigational error, and were carried across the Atlantic to the New World. Melgars mind, wrote art historian Alexander von Wuthenau, not yet tainted by certain currents of modern (and perhaps not so modern) anthropology, reacted quite normally to this newly found evidence of [the] black mans presence in ancient America. <> He was the author of numerous scholarly articles and historical essays on the subject, including a series of five articles for the Journal of African Civilizations. Africa and the Discovery of America - A 1920 Review from the Journal Of Negro History," Leo Weiner, p 164-168. . % Sitchin goes on stating that ther were two distinct fluxes of deities and people: one originated the myth of Viracocha, the other originated the myth of Quetzalcoatl. The currents off Africa serve as veritable conveyor belts to the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico and the northeastern corner of South America. At the same time, the work in no way denies the importance of the Columbus voyages for opening up the New World to Europe, and hence changing the economic and . Viracocha was described in legends as a tall man with long beard, pale skin and using a rod that emitted thunders and lightnings; Quetzalcoatl was the Feathered serpent, tall and mastering of the secret of arts and time. For, whether we accept the facts or not, Jairazbhoy appears to have been right when he wrote: The black began his career in America not as slave but as master.48. Early America Revisited is a vigorous defense and amplification of Ivan Van Sertima's classic work, They Came Before Columbus. Their rights were severely limited, and they were long denied a . Call Number: Africana Library DT14 .J86 v.8 no.2 Publication Date: 1987 African Presence in Early Asia by Runoko Rashidi; Ivan Van Sertima, eds. Nearly a dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere. This also holds true for large sections of Mesoamerica and far into South America Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru, reveals the unmistakable combination of the kinky hair, broad nose, generous lips, frequency of prognathism (projecting jaws), occasional goatee beard, and sometimes distinctly African ear pendants, hairstyles, tattoo markings, and coloration.. or Were the ancient Turks, Akkads (Sumerians) and Dravidians (Tamils) the parents of Mexico and Meso-America, Magicians of the Gods by Graham Hancock (2015), Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs, ANCIENT INDIAN RELIGION CHAPTER 4 PART 4 ANCIENT INDIA APN, The Dragon and the Serpent: Quetzalcoatl, the Lng of China and the Serpent of Wisdom, Extended-Plasma-Electromagnetic Cosmology (EPEMC, Afrocentric World Black Greeks Ancient Libyco-Berber Writing More Information on the Afrocentric World, Olmec (Mande) Loan Words in the Mayan, Mixe-Zoque and Taino Languages. Chief among them was the American Olmec specialist Matthew Stirling. (RGS. In Egypt there are numerous sculptures depicting four figurines symbolically holding up the sky. On Monday [October 13 2014], Americas government offices, businesses, and banks all grind to a halt in order to commemorate Columbus Day. This videos purpose is to stress to Africans in America and the world that our history did not start with slavery in the New World. In truth, Africans began coming to the Americas thousands of years before Columbus; and the evidence of their presence, though systematically ignored by mainstream scholars, is overwhelming and undeniable. They appear to represent priest-kings who ruled vast territories in Mesoamerica [Mexico and Central America] during the Olmec period, which is to be considered later herein. In America we have no antecedents for the construction of pyramids, for example, whereas there is a clear series of evolving steps and stages [in pyramid building] in the Egypto-Nubian world., Van Sertima asks, Where do the first miniature step pyramid and the first manmade mountain or conical pyramid appear in America? The Centre of Research on Globalization grants permission to cross-post Global Research articles on community internet sites as long the source and copyright are acknowledged together with a hyperlink to the original Global Research article. <> Download full-text PDF Download full-text PDF Read full-text. 1. In fact, in 445 BC, the Greek historian Herodotus wrote of the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs great seafaring and navigational skills. The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. Nearly a dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere. In the 21st century, some people who identify as Afro-Mexicans are the children and grandchildren of naturalized Black immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean. We cannot of course reproach the author with what he could not know in 1976. When the skulls were carefully examined, one of the world's leading skull The case for African contacts with pre-Columbian America, in spite of a number of understandable gaps and a few minor elements of contestable data, is no longer based on the fanciful conjecture and speculation of romantics. In 1994 the Smithsonian published his address in Race, Discourse and the Origin of the Americas: A New World View of 1492. Early American Scans NetSuite N17 9HT. What cultural impact did the outsiders have on American civilization?29 It would appear that the impact of the African explorers on the New World as a whole was widespread, profound and enduring. African Americans are mainly of African ancestry, but many have non-Black ancestors as well. He edited the Journal of African Civilizations, which has greatly changed the way in which African history and culture are taught and studied. The strongest evidence of African presence in America before Columbus comes from the pen of Columbus himself. ",#(7),01444'9=82. 3 0 obj Ivan Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient America, in Ivan Van Sertimas (ed.). After all, history will tell you that seafaring is the quintessential European achievement, the single endeavor of which Europeans are awfully proud. In 1991 Dr. Van Sertima defended his highly controversial thesis on the African presence in pre-Columbian America before the Smithsonian. Pope Melchaides (311-314, sometimes known as Meltiades) was persecuted prior to his reign as pope. Are you ready to come out from where you hide? Runoko Rashidi is an anthropologist and historian with a major focus on what he calls the Global African Presence-that is, Africans outside of Africa before and after enslavement. endobj . 366A High Road. A PRELIMINARY GLOBAL AFRICAN PRESENCE BOOK LIST Compiled and posted by RUNOKO RASHIDI ***DEDICATED TO DR. JOHN HENRIK CLARKE (1915-1998)*** Akbar, Na'im. Ivan Van Sertima (1935-2009) was professor of African studies at Rutgers University. A similar sculpture has been discovered at the Olmec site of Portrero Nuevo. Of course, some Western historians continue to refute this fact because, consciously or unconsciously, they are still hanging on to the 19th-century notion that seafaring was a European monopoly. 5 0 obj Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient America, op. What is the significance of this meeting of Africans and Native Americans? Contrary to popular belief, African American history did not start with slavery in the New World. For instance, ancient portraits of the Quetzalcoatl, a messiah serpent god, and Ek-ahua, the god of war, are unquestionably Negro with dark skin and wooly hair. As early as the nineteenth century wrote Jonathan Leonard, a specialist on early Mexico, reports had come from this coastal region [the Mexican gulf coast] of gigantic heads with Negroid features.8 The first of these heads was discovered by Jose Melgar in Veracruz in 1862. Divining America The Foreign Missionary Movement in 19th Edited by Ivan Van Sertima and Runoko Rashidi. endobj Prince Easterbrooks - a slave in Lexington who had enlisted in Captain John Parker's militia and who was wounded at Concord, April 19, 1775. Part I of the book explores these roots in the Middle East, West Africa, and antebellum America. According to Von Wuthenau, [t]he startling fact is that in all parts of Mexico, from Campeche in the east to the southeast of Guerrero, and from Chiapas, next to the Guatemalan border, to the Panuco River in the Huasteca region (north of Veracruz) archeological pieces representing Negro or Negroid people have been found, especially in archaic or pre-classic sites. Tutti i risultati di Google Ricerca Libri » African Presence in Early America, Volume 8,Edizione 2. BLACK SHOGUN AN ASSESSMENT OF THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN One of these explorers, Mustafa Zemmouri (also known as Estevanico), was sold by the Portuguese into slavery in 1522. 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