To this end, each brigade commander will organize a good and sufficient foraging party, under the command of one or more discreet officers, who will gather, near the route traveled, corn or forage of any kind, meat of any kind, vegetables, corn-meal, or whatever is needed by the command, aiming at all times to keep in the wagons at least ten days' provisions for the command and three days' forage. It boasted a garrison of 230 Confederates and more than 20 pieces of artillery. it was necessary to make the entire Confederate population, not just the military, feel the pain of war in order to defeat the rebellion. This freed all his troops for the upcoming movement, rather than relegating a significant number for logistical duty, but this meant that the men would need to live off the land. From Atlanta, Sherman would set out across the Southern heartland toward the Atlantic Ocean, eventually turning north to pin Robert E. Lees army between his troops and those of Grant. Once, Sherman encountered a soldier walking along a road weighed down by all victuals who quoted from the order to him in a stage whisper: Forage liberally on the country. The general said his was a too-liberal interpretation of the order, but he took no action to punish the forager. until 1864, the Confederacy had been winning the Civil War. Confederate political and military leaders Gov. To sustain it, we must war upon and destroy the organized rebel forces,must cut off their supplies, destroy their communicationsand produce among the people of Georgia a thorough conviction of the personal misery which attends war, and the utter helplessness and inability of their rulers to protect themIf that terror and grief and even want shall help to paralyze their husbands and fathers who are fighting usit is mercy in the end.. He saw destruction of property as less onerous than casualties. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Grant's armies in Virginia continued in a stalemate against Robert E. Lee's army, besieged in Petersburg, Virginia. This December marks the 150th anniversary of the American Civil War's surrender of Savannah, where in 1864 Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman ended his infamous March to the Sea. Sherman, reading the paper later in the day, was moved by Byers' poem, and promoted Byers to his staff; the two became lifelong friends. But the way to the sea was not open; Sherman still had to contend with the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood. Perhaps in denial of this reality, they came to accuse Sherman of carrying out countless grim acts. The operation debilitated the Confederacy and helped lead to its eventual surrender. Byers was a Union prisoner of war held at Camp Sorghum, near Columbia, South Carolina. The economic impact of the march was staggering. Pleasant J. Phillips, came upon part of Shermans rear guard of some 1,700 men. Marszalek, John F. Sherman's March to the Sea. [12] On December 20, Hardee led his men across the Savannah River on a makeshift pontoon bridge. Sherman received numerous letters from the very Confederate officers he was fighting against, requesting that Sherman ensure the protection of their families. Sherman dutifully complied with the letters of protection he received, from both North and South, regardless of social standing. Sherman was blocked from linking up with the U.S. Navy as he had planned, so he dispatched cavalry to Fort McAllister, guarding the Ogeechee River, in hopes of unblocking his route and obtaining supplies awaiting him on the Navy ships. V. To army corps commanders alone is intrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, &c., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility. His primary objective was to capture and neutralize the city of Atlanta, which was a major railroad centre, supply depot, and manufacturing hub for both Georgia and the Confederacy. However, news of brutal prisoner treatment at Camp Lawton would later prompt Sherman to order the destruction of several miles of track along the Augusta & Savannah Railroad. Confederacy's economy and transportation networks, Western Theater of the American Civil War, "Savannah Campaign Union order of battle", "Effective strength of the army in the field under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, November and December, 1864", "Abstract from return of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, Lieut. [12], When Sherman had prepared his forces for the Atlanta Campaign, which immediately preceded the March to the Sea, he took rigorous steps to insure that only the most physically fit men were accepted, that every man in the army could march for long distances and would fight without reservations. While many blacks became laborers and performed tasks necessary to the advance, others simply followed in the wake of the column. Although Shermans army had systematically destroyed Atlantas war-making potential, and had used artillery to bombard the city before taking it, 400 houses were still standing when he left. What were the effects of Shermans March to the Sea? The portion of this march through South Carolina was even more destructive than the Savannah campaign, since Sherman and his men harbored much ill-will for that state's part in bringing on the start of the Civil War; the following portion, through North Carolina, was less so. He graduated from the University of Chicago in 2021. These orders have been depicted in popular culture as the origin of the "40 acres and a mule" promise. [11] The twisted and broken railroad rails that the troops heated over fires, wrapped around tree trunks and left behind became known as "Sherman's neckties.". Two weeks after this incident, and 20 miles removed, the march ended in Savannah. Sherman's March To The Sea: Gen. William T. Sherman. He ordered Major General George Thomas and the U.S. Army of the Cumberland to follow and engage Hood's Army of Tennessee. But as the last unit of Daviss rear guard, the 58th Indiana, reached the far side, the bridge was unlashed. In preparation, he moved the few people remaining in the city about 10 percent of its 20,000-person population in early 1864 out of the area, and cut his supply line. And taking the work of General Thomas into the count, as it should be taken, it is indeed a great success. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. To the north of this action, Sherman advanced with the left wing into Milledgeville on November 23. Fowler, John D. and David B. Parker, eds. As soon as the mayor of Savannah surrendered his city, Sherman the fiend became Sherman the friend. General Sherman finally gained control of the city of Atlanta on September 2, 1864. Sherman was charged with three armies totaling some 100,000 men: the Army of the Cumberland, the Army of the Tennessee, and the Army of the Ohio. The mayor of Savannah formally surrendered the city on December 21, 1864. Their fates remain largely unknown. Subsequent historians have objected to the comparison, arguing that Sherman's tactics were not as severe or indiscriminate. Hardee had long since retreated to the coastal city and toiled away at its fortifications, which were effective at supplementing Savannahs natural marsh and river defenses. To that end, Shermans troops marched south toward Savannah in two wings, about 30 miles apart. Following the March to the Sea, Sherman's army headed north for the Carolinas Campaign. While Howard's wing was delayed near Ball's Bluff, the 1st Alabama Cavalry (a Federal regiment) engaged Confederate pickets. Savannah was now surrounded on land. His scorched-earth tactics changed the history of warfare and are still studied and taught in military institutions . Civilian accounts describe the terror of encountering Shermans foraging parties and the unauthorized bands of bummers. Though he had his reservations about the plan, Grant gave his official approval on November 7. On the morning of November 16, Sherman set out for the coast at the head of roughly 62,000 men. March to the Sea. Burke Davis' Sherman's March is brief and readable, though pitched to the general reader rather than scholars. Those prisoners in the state jail willing to take up arms for the Confederacy 175 out of 200 were freed, although some of the newly liberated men burned down the penitentiary rather than report for duty. Maj. Gen. John G. Foster dispatched 5,500 men and 10 guns under Brig. It is estimated that during the six-week March to the Sea fewer than 3,000 casualties resulted. Kilpatrick abandoned his plans to destroy the railroad bridge and he also learned that the prisoners had been moved from Camp Lawton, so he rejoined the army at Louisville. [33] A Confederate officer estimated that 10,000 liberated slaves followed Sherman's army, and hundreds died of "hunger, disease, or exposure" along the way. Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1943. Abraham Lincoln: I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, also about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton.. Atlanta: After the Civil War. This was an important triumph, because Atlanta was a railroad hub and the industrial center of the Confederacy: It had munitions factories, foundries and warehouses that kept the Confederate army supplied with food, weapons and other goods. Grant himself said that he would not have allowed anyone other than Sherman to attempt such a march so great was the respect and trust between the two. The March to the Sea, which culminated with the fall of Savannah in December 1864, cut a swath of torn-up railroads, pillaged farms and burned-out plantations through the Georgia countryside . The field order also permitted able-bodied Black labourers to join the march, but commanding officers were instructed to remain cognizant of supplies intended for their army group. By attempting to hold the roads we will lose a thousand men monthly and will gain no result. Once the rails became red hot, they were twisted into what came to be known as Shermans neckties or Shermans hairpins. The campaigns chief engineer, Col. Orlando Poe, even devised specialized equipment, called cant hooks, for the task. Although clearly headed eastward, Sherman was determined to conceal his movements from Confederate eyes. "[24] On December 26, the president replied in a letter:[25]. The purpose of Shermans March to the Sea was to frighten Georgias civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. Facts, information and articles about Sherman's March To The Sea during the Civil War. There was glory to die in Picketts Charge at Gettysburg, but only humiliation to have ones barn burned, silverware taken, house damaged or destroyed, or horses added to the enemy cavalry. Federal troops sprinted the 600-yard stretch to the forts walls, and within 15 minutes they had captured the structure. We strive for accuracy and fairness. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [26], The Army's stay in Savannah was generally without incident. He issued these orders in preparation for his famous March to the Sea, also known as the Savannah Campaign. Sherman would later defend Daviss actions at Ebenezer Creek as a necessary reality of war. One word still resonates more deeply in the American psyche than any other in the field of Civil War study: Sherman. On November 10, following Shermans orders, Union troops began torching buildings that were of military or industrial value in Atlanta. When Sherman instituted his destructive war, he told Southerners that as long as they continued their resistance, he would make them pay dearly, but that the process would stop when they quit the fight. He had a lot more soldiers than General Hood who only had 51,000. In the fall of 1864 during the American Civil War, Union forces pushed deeply into the Confederacy. When Joe Wheelers horsemen also began destroying property and looting, the psychological shock of Confederates abusing their own people was hard for the Georgia civilians to take. He defeated Confederate General John Hood at the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, 1864. It seized 5,000 horses, 4,000 mules, and 13,000 head of cattle. It had some large plantations, but many more small farms growing a variety of products: vegetables, cotton, sweet potatoes and, in marshy areas, rice and sugar cane. Shermans army reached the sea, took Fort McAllister and re-tied itself to a naval supply line. On November 15 th, 1864 Union General William Tecumseh Sherman marched his army of 60,000 troops out of the burning city of Atlanta, Georgia to embark upon a military campaign that stretched 300 miles to Savannah, leaving utter destruction in their wake. Arnold presented him with the key to the city, and Sherman's men, led by Geary's division of the XX Corps, occupied the city the same day. Recognizing the significance of endometriosis as an unmet chronic disease for women and designating March 2023 as "Endometriosis Awareness Month". Shermans March to the Sea, coupled with his Atlanta Campaign, may have tipped the scales of victory toward the Union in the Civil War. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Not only was Shermans army vastly larger and superior to the Confederate military, but he also outmaneuvered the few Confederate forces and kept them uncertain about his destination. In short, the March to the Sea demonstrates not that Sherman was a brute, but that he wanted to wage a war that did not result in countless deaths. The March to the Sea was no off-the-cuff reaction by Sherman to finding himself in Atlanta in September 1864 and knowing he could not remain there. Photos Library of Congress, Colorized by MADS MADSEN of Colorized History. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. The following is an excerpt from those orders: IV. Sherman's famed March to the Sea began in November 15, 1864, when Federal forces began leaving Atlanta. All Rights Reserved. However, a turn eastward convinced him that Augusta was the target. The arrival of the main columns was even more frightening to the Georgians in their path than the passage of the foragers. Most Union soldiers complied with Shermans orders. Less than six months later Gen. Robert E. Lee would surrender to the Union at Appomattox Court House and bring a formal end to the American Civil War. During his imprisonment, Byers wrote a poem about the Savannah campaign which he titled "Sherman's March to the Sea", which was set to music by fellow prisoner W. O. Walters, John Bennett (1948) "General William T. Sherman and Total War". Confederate forces were not stationary, however. Hood had taken the bulk of forces in Georgia on his campaign to Tennessee in hopes of diverting Sherman to pursue him. More Union troops entered the campaign from an unlikely direction. "[36] David J. Eicher wrote that "Sherman had accomplished an amazing task. As the main columns had been marching all day, organized soldiers and others fanned out in all directions, looking for food and booty. They destroyed the bridge across the Oconee River and then turned south.[21]. Within a week, some 40 percent of the city was in ashes. Several small actions followed. They often felt betrayed, as they "suffered along with their owners, complicating their decision of whether to flee with or from Union troops", although that is now seen as a post synopsis of Confederate nationalism. Sherman's March to the Sea refers to a long stretch of devastating Union army movements that took place during the United States Civil War. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. His focus on crushing civilian morale presaged the bloody World Wars of the 20th century. "Forage Liberally: The Role of Agriculture in Sherman's March to the Sea." Shermans troops arrived in Savannah on December 21, 1864, about three weeks after they left Atlanta. It is estimated that during the six-week March to the Sea fewer than 3,000 casualties resulted. On December 17, he sent a message to Hardee in the city: I have already received guns that can cast heavy and destructive shot as far as the heart of your city; also, I have for some days held and controlled every avenue by which the people and garrison of Savannah can be supplied, and I am therefore justified in demanding the surrender of the city of Savannah, and its dependent forts, and shall wait a reasonable time for your answer, before opening with heavy ordnance. Many, many thanks for your Christmas gift, the capture of Savannah. At the Battle of Honey Hill on November 30, Hatch fought a vigorous battle against G.W. Confederate morale reached new lows as Sherman burned his way east. The only real combat of the March took place on November 22, near Griswoldville. Brig. VI. The first real resistance was felt by Howard's right wing at the Battle of Griswoldville on November 22. Sherman's next major action was the capture of Columbia, the strategically important capital of South Carolina. The state legislature extended the existing state draft to include men from 16 to 65 years of age. Geary telegraphed Sherman, who advised him to accept the offer. General Sherman's March to the Sea was historic. Expert Answers. Where did Shermans March to the Sea start and end? With the Georgia state legislature having quit the capital, Union troops held a mock legislative session and voted to repeal Georgias ordinance of secession. Observing the movements of Howards right wing, Confederate Lieut. [41] In the years following World War II, several writers[42][43][44] argued that the total war tactics used during World War II were comparable to the tactics used during Sherman's March. Hoods new strategy was to recoup before striking north at Union-occupied Nashville, Tennessee. The Yankees were not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, Sherman explained; as a result, they needed to make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war., General Shermans troops captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864. The purpose of Sherman's March to the . Hardee decided not to surrender but to escape. Shermans 37-day campaign is remembered as one of the most successful examples of total war, and its psychological effects persisted in the postbellum South. Hardee commanding, November 20, 1864", "The Civil War This Week: Oct 27Nov 2, 1864", "Savannah Campaign Confederate order of battle", "Capital Destruction and Economic Growth: The Effects of Sherman's March, 18501920", American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, "Historical markers illustrate overlooked stories", "Savannah Campaign Union order of battle" (, "Savannah Campaign Confederate order of battle" (, Today in Georgia History: March to the Sea, Today in Georgia History: Sherman in Savannah, National Park Service battle descriptions for the Savannah Campaign, National Park Service report on preservation and historic boundaries at the Savannah Campaign battlefields, New Georgia Encyclopedia article on the March, Noah Andre Trudeau Webcast Author Lecture, Georgia Public Broadcasting: 37 weeks Sherman on the March, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&oldid=1149848697, Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Nevin, David and the Editors of Time-Life Books (1986). In the wake of his successful campaign to capture Atlanta, Major General William T. Sherman began making plans for a march against Savannah. In theyears afterthe Civil War, fighting forces around the world have made use of Shermans total war strategy. The March attracted a huge number of refugees, to whom Sherman assigned land with his Special Field Orders No. Kilpatrick was ordered to make a feint toward Augusta before destroying the railroad bridge at Brier Creek and moving to liberate the Camp Lawton prisoner of war camp at Millen. He wanted to convey that southerners controlled their own fate through a duality of approach: as long as they remained in rebellion, they would suffer at his hands, once they surrendered, he would display remarkable largess. There was no lunch stop; instead, the men ate whenever and whatever they could. [35] Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones cited the significant damage wrought to railroads and Southern logistics in the campaign and stated that "Sherman's raid succeeded in 'knocking the Confederate war effort to pieces'. Wheelers Confederate cavalry responded by killing Union prisoners. Foraging parties may also take mules or horses to replace the jaded animals of their trains, or to serve as pack-mules for the regiments or brigades. "[17] There were about 13,000 men remaining at Lovejoy's Station, south of Atlanta. Sherman's personal escort on the march was the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, a unit made up entirely of Southerners who remained loyal to the Union. [40], There has been disagreement among historians on whether Sherman's March constituted total war. Wheeler and some infantry struck in a rearguard action at Ball's Ferry on November 24 and November 25. [32] Some who welcomed him as a liberator chose to follow his armies. To Confederate bewilderment, he bypassed Augusta and entered Confederate politician and brigadier general Howell Cobbs plantation some 10 miles outside Milledgeville, his true destination. He and the Union Army's commander, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, believed that the Civil War would come to an end only if the Confederacy's strategic capacity for warfare could be decisively broken. Both U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and General Ulysses S. Grant had serious reservations about Sherman's plans. Determined not to lay a siege unless absolutely necessary, Sherman ordered 4,000 men from the XV Corps to seize Fort McCallister, a crucial element of the citys southern defense. [6], When Byers was freed by the Union Capture of Columbia, he approached General Sherman and handed him a scrap of paper. Wheelers horsemen descended on the Federal column at Sandersonville on November 2526, and on November 28 they sprang an attack on Kilpatricks Union cavalry at Buckhead Creek. Davis, who was no stranger to scandal he was arrested for murdering fellow Union general William Nelson in August 1862, but escaped court martial took a great deal of blame for this horror, but Sherman defended him. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. Historians consider the march and the psychological warfare it waged to be an early example of total war. Almost miraculously, damage and destruction immediately ceased. The March to the Sea played psychological warfare in which . Dozens drowned, and Wheeler captured many of those who lived. Sung from the point of view of a Union soldier, the lyrics detail the freeing of slaves and punishing the Confederacy for starting the war. And even in this Union army of liberation, the racism of the age was still prevalent throughout the ranks. The 62,000-man army usually spent the night in tents, the campsites stretching in all directions. Apart from its economic and military payoff, the marchs impact may have lingered longest in the Southern psyche. Not realizing that these Federals had repeating rifles and were dug in, temporary commander Phillips ordered his motley force to attack, and they were ripped to pieces by the Federals. Shermans soldiers did not destroy any of the towns in their path, but they stole food and livestock and burned the houses and barns of people who tried to fight back. When you were about leaving Atlanta for the Atlantic coast, I was anxious, if not fearful; but feeling that you were the better judge, and remembering that 'nothing risked, nothing gained,' I did not interfere. On November 22 three Confederate militia brigades (comprising some 4,500 men) from Macon discovered the carnage before chancing upon 1,500 Union soldiers. Two months after capturing Atlanta, Sherman was ready to move out and decided to strip the city of its military infrastructure. He had become familiar with Grant while researching his well-received Our FREE Virtual Teacher Institute is the can't miss online educator event of the summer. He organized relief for the flood of refugees that had inundated the city. Doctors performed in-depth examinations to weed out the weak and those suffering from disease, and because of this 1% of the men were left behind. Union troops burned it to the ground. Compared to the 51,000 killed, wounded and missing at Gettysburg in the three days of fighting there or the 24,000 in the two days at Shiloh, the month-long March to the Sea was nearly bloodless. War study: Sherman with the letters of protection he received, from both north and South regardless. Many blacks became laborers and performed tasks necessary to the Sea, took McAllister... Indiana, reached the far side, the 1st Alabama Cavalry ( a Federal regiment ) engaged pickets! 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