If Psych Boost is helping in your studies, I'm also making A-level psych perks for patrons! Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder which occurs in around 1% of the population. Meehl suggested that the vulnerability . [1 mark] A There is a correlation between brain plasticity and symptoms of schizophrenia. The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia is centered on a deficiency in activity of glutamate at the glutamate synapse, especially in the prefrontal cortex [48,49]. 16-marker plans Biological Approach Outline Genes, dopamine hypothesis, neural correlates Candidate genes, polygenic, 108 combinations (Ripke), twin studies (Gottesman) Hyper/hypodopaminergia, subcortex and cortex Low activity in ventral striatum, low activity in superior temporal gyrus Evaluate Difficult to identify cause (CGs) so . Many people perceive Schzophenia (sz) as a personality disorder relating to a split personality. You will need to be able to compare this with a psychological treatment. You might stay totally still and mute. In your evaluation you should refer to research evidence. Refer to evidence in your . However, others would argue that by breaking down complex human behaviour into such simple component parts, complex interactions can be lost or ignored, not really explaining the complexity of human behaviour. One aspect of the biological explanation of schizophrenia suggests that the illness is transmitted from parents to their children via genes. This is supported by behaviourists and was . Psychology in context. It was a key piece of research that established that there is a genetic component to the mental illness schizophrenia. [2 marks] A psychologist investigated perception of foods in two . Gottesman showed that the concordance rates increase when you share more genes which the schizophrenic family member. Assignment 6 Outline and evaluate one or more psychological explanations for schizophrenia. Short video looking at biological explanations for schizophrenia. 7. Using your knowledge of schizophrenia, assess how effective a biological treatment would be compared to a psychological treatment. For example, certain symptoms of schizophrenia are due to an excess of dopamine levels in a certain part of the brain. The new name for this condition is . It could be that there is too much dopamine or that the receptors are too sensitive. Psychology essay plan tailored to suit the AQA A-level Specification A syllabus. There are two types of twins - identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). Q&A from AQA: 16 Mark Questions for Psychological Treatments of Schizophrenia 2nd February 2017. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) it is classified as a psychosis, as the sufferer has no concept of reality. The interactionist approach considers the combined effects of biological, psychological and social factors on the development of schizophrenia. 03-4125-10230-01 Instant Download 03-4125-10230-01 2.50 Add to cart Download a free sample Details License Summary - Family theraphy as a way of treatring schizophrenia. 8 IB/G/Jun18/7182/3 Topic: Eating behaviour . Season of birth. These studies have been sourced via several sources including the AQA second-year psychology textbook (found on the illuminate publishing website). What does the hypothesis suggest? Biological Approach to Depression The biological approach is based on the idea that depression has a physical or organic cause. The biological approach believes behavior to be as a . Biological Explanations Who can name the four different biological explanations? One explanation suggests that some people are simply more genetically inclined to develop depression, as Hecimovic suggested that it was caused by a mutation in the 5-HTT gene, which was responsible for coding for serotonin production, and that this mutation is inherited. 1% of the population will be affected by it in their life. Introduction . 1 9 Which of the following best describes neural correlates as an explanation for schizophrenia? The biological treatment is drug therapy (sometimes called pharmacotherapy or chemotherapy) The psychological treatment is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) It only shows that these people have a predisposition (an increased risk). Heston (1996) Heston (1966) Aim: Study was to see whether schizophrenia has a genetic predisposition (a liability or tendency to suffer from a particular condition) Method: Participants were 50 adoptees who biological mothers had Sz compared to 47 adoptees whose mothers had not been diagnosed with Sz. Abstract. AO1: Ability to outline and describe enough information/theory about the topic in order to get full marks (4). Page 1. Evaluation: The dopamine hypothesis. If there was no genetic element then there should be Furthermore, environmental conditions may also affect results obtained. This saves a lot of time you may spend searching for information and studies to fulfil AO1, AO2 and AO3 criteria. The dopamine hypothesis stems from early research carried out in the 1960's and 1970's when studies involved the use of amphetamine (increases dopamine levels) which increased psychotic symptoms while reserpine which depletes dopamine levels reduced psychotic symptoms. The essay plans are colour coded to make revision slightly more interesting. AO1 - Genetic factors. A number of factors have been proposed as being linked to schizophrenia: genetic, psychological, endocrinological, metabolic, environmental, virological, and auto-immunological factors, as well as neurotransmitter systems and structural disorders of the brain. Environmental: Simple stimulus-response learning can explain behaviour. Kety found that biological siblings of children with schizophrenia showed a much higher percentage of schizophrenia. Sample Decks: A2 SCHIZOPHRENIA - CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS , A2 SCHIZOPHRENIA - BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS , A2 SCHIZOPHRENIA - BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS Show Class pyschology approaches. In many brain areas, dopamine inhibits glutamate release, or glutamate excites neurons that dopamine inhibits [49]. Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. Ripke et al (2014) found 108 genetic variations associated with schizophrenia. Summary Essay Plan - "Outline and evaluate two or more psychological explanations of schizophrenia". 8. 10. This interepratation could be because in Greek the name translates as skhizen (to split) and phren . One adaptive function is that it helps to conserve energy. AQA The aim of this activity is for students to consolidate their knowledge of biological and psychological explanations of schizophrenia and provide a structure for an essay which can be completed in class, or as part of a homework task. Schizophrenia: Comorbidity . The dopamine hypothesis is an explanation for schizophrenia, which believes that the disease is caused by increased levels of the neurotransmitter. Family Studies: OCD is not solely caused by genes, as the concordance rate in identical twins is not 100%.The most likely explanation for this is diathesis-stress: genes can cause a biological vulnerability (diathesis), but other factors, such as life experiences, affect whether OCD actually develops. These can be genetic, neuroanatomical, biochemical, viral combination of such factors'. consider this a strength of reductionist explanations. The Edexcel course requires you to know about one biologically-based treatment for schizophrenia. Video: Smoking Cannabis Damages Brain for LIFE 7th February 2017. Note: AS level topics are in bold, whereas A level topics are not. Schizophrenics show an excess amount of dopamine activity in the synapses between brain neurones. Also includes 4. This page contains the key information and studies to evaluate the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia. Diathesis-stress model: Meehl (1962) originally proposed that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress-trigger are necessary in order to develop the condition. The AQA psychology A level syllabus is divided into three modules: Introductory topics. Catatonic schizophrenia affects the way you move in extreme ways. Diathesis-stress model: Meehl (1962) originally proposed that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress-trigger are necessary in order to develop the condition. Key assumptions of the biological approach: There is a direct correlation between brain activity and cognition Biochemical imbalances can affect behaviour Brain physiology can affect behaviour Summary - Family dysfunctin as an explanation for schizophrenia. Save your work forever, build multiple bibliographies, run plagiarism checks, and much more. Schizophrenia is thought to be polygenic, with lots of different genes contributing to an increased risk of developing it. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. Summary - Cognitive explanations for schizophrenia. Biological: Biological structures and processes can, ultimately, be the explanation for all behaviours. The biological approach assumes that schizophrenia has an organic cause, though this doesn't deny the role of psychological factors in the onset of the disorder. This may have happened if the schizophrenic's world was harsh (e.g. Automatically reference everything correctly with CiteThisForMe. Psychological Theories Psychodynamic - Fronted by Freud (1924), proposed schizophrenia is the result of: Regression to a pre-ego stage. For example, if schizophrenia is explained in terms of neurotransmitters, this It involves genetic and brain chemistry in explaining schizophrenia. If schizophrenia was entirely a product of genes the concordance rates for MZs would be 100% - this is not the case so environmental factors must play a role Twins may be treated the same or may copy each other, therefore higher concordance due to environmental rather than biological factors The study did not look at reasons for schizophrenia or forms of schizophrenia therefore it is limited . A modern definition of stress in the diathesis-stress model includes anything that risks triggering schizophrenia. ; Family studies cannot rule out an environmental explanation . Frith's (1992) neuropsychological theory of schizophrenia posits a number of fundamental cognitive impairments underpinning the characteristic symptoms of this disorder. Write A, B, C, or D in your answer book. [16 marks] Section C continues on the next page . Section 2: Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia Genetics Family studies find individuals who have schizophrenia and determine whether their biological relatives are similarly affected more often than non-biological relatives. This can include theories, therapies, or research. This can include theories, therapies, or research. Summary - Cbt as a way of treatring schizophrenia. B There is a correlation between brain structure and function and symptoms of schizophrenia. The biological explanation of schizophrenia explains that schizophrenia has an organic cause although it does not deny the importance of other school of thoughts yet it provides an explanation for its causes. AO1 - Conserve energy The evolutionary explanation suggests that sleep serves numerous adaptive functions. The entire issues and options in psychology module . The families have been investigated thoroughly by joint and individual interviews and psychologic Discuss issues of reliability and validity associated with the classification and/or diagnosis of schizophrenia (8+16 marks) Discuss two or more biological explanations of schizophrenia (8+16 marks) Discuss two or more psychological explanations of schizophrenia (8+16 marks) Complete the tutor2U worksheet summarizing the Psychological explanations for schizophrenia. Last updated 22 Mar 2021 The biological approach attempts to explain behaviour as the direct product of interactions within the body. Lesson Two - Leavers (amended) The 2020 A-Level . In the northern hemisphere there is reasonably consistent evidence for a 5-8% excess of births in winter and spring of children who later develop schizophrenia (Reference Bradbury and Miller Bradbury & Miller, 1985).Initially thought to be an artefact (the earlier in a given year they are born, the older individuals will be), this finding has survived rigorous corrections . The impaired integrative function of the brain, as well as the domain-specific cognitive deficits, increases the vulnerability to aversive life experiences, which lead to . Meehl suggested that the vulnerability . Biological Explanation of Schizophrenia Lesson Objectives By the end of the lesson you will be able to: Describe the four biological explanations of schizophrenia. Recent research had looked into cannabis abuse as a trigger, in the diathesis-stress model cannabis would be a stressor as it increasing the risk of schizophrenia up to 7 times. You need a conclusion to get a mark in the top band . 16-marker plans Biological Approach Outline Genes, dopamine hypothesis, neural correlates Candidate genes, polygenic, 108 combinations (Ripke), twin studies (Gottesman) Hyper/hypodopaminergia, subcortex and cortex Low activity in ventral striatum, low activity in superior temporal gyrus Evaluate Difficult to identify cause (CGs) so . 58 Cards - 5 Decks - 1 Learner Sample Decks: learning approach - behaviourist approach, learning approach - social learning theory, origins of psychology Show . Stretch and Challenge. AO2: Ability to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the AO1 content, whether it be a therapy, theory or . It has been found that a person has a 1% greater chance of developing the schizophrenia if they have a family relative suffering schizophrenia. It is also aetiologically heterogeneous, meaning different combinations of genes are implicated in the disorder. The biological explanation is deterministic if it claims that schizophrenia is inevitable in people with the wrong genes. It is more commonly found in men, more common in urban environments, and more common in working-class populations. Below are links to A level psychology revision notes organised by module and topic. Biological psychology examines the relationship between mind and body, neural mechanisms, and the influence of heredity on behavior. The main biochemical explanation for schizophrenia is the dopamine hypothesis. Psychology Matt B. Hooper 08/03/15 Discuss biological explanations for schizophrenia (8+16 marks) The main biological theory for the cause of schizophrenia is the effect of excess dopamine in the brain. Evaluate these four explanations. From the above discussion, it is evident that research has proved that NRG 1 in one of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and is a gene in the brain glutamine system (Savonenko, Melnikova, Laird, Stewart et al., 2008). (16 marks) 6. 1) Both parents = 46% risk 2) One schizophrenic parent = 16% risk 3) If a sibling has schizophrenia = 8% risk 4) If a grandparent has schizophrenia = 5% risk 5) If the identical twin of one parent has schizophrenia = 17% risk. AO2: Ability to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the AO1 content, whether it be a therapy, theory or . Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. Schizophrenia is one of the more common mental disorders. She argued that this type of Mother would send mixed messages to the child. [2 marks] 2 7 Outline one strength of the explanation you have given in your answer to Question 26. the parent's where unloving), which would lead the individual to regress to a stage before ego . Discuss issues of reliability and validity associated with the classification and/or diagnosis of schizophrenia (8+16 marks) Discuss two or more biological explanations of schizophrenia (8+16 marks) Discuss two or more psychological explanations of schizophrenia (8+16 marks) Page 1. The most well-known is the diathesis-stress model which was first proposed by Meehl (1962) who suggested that the diathesis (vulnerability) was entirely genetic and the result of a single 'schizogene'. Current treatments for schizophrenia are divided into drug treatments, psychological and social management and electroconvulsive therapy. Biological explanations for schizophrenia Gottesman found that there is a 48% concordance rate for schizophrenia in identical monozygotic twins Candidate genes -In a genome wide study by Ripke et al (2014) they found that there are 108 separate genetic variations responsible for developing schizophrenia. As previously . Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. All subjects had been separated from their . Genetic factors Biochemical Factors Brain dysfunction Viral Infection Genetic factors Family Studies: Biological . Outline and Evaluate One Biological Therapy for Schizophrenia (12 marks). https://www.patreon.com/psychboostCreated for the requirements of. Discussed next was the role of mental illness and crime. explanation using family studies. One biological explanation is that schizophrenia is inherited/passed on through genes; Twin studies are used to investigate relative contributions of genes and environment in the development of schizophrenia - if there are purely genetic influences then a 100% concordance rate with monozygotic twins is expected, and 50% with dizygotic twins A theoretical analysis of schizophrenia based on a cognitive model integrates the complex interaction of predisposing neurobiological, environmental, cognitive, and behavioral factors with the diverse symptomatology. Symptoms usually appear in early adulthood.It affects men and women equally, but the symptoms usually appear earlier in men (teens) and later in women (20s or 30s). One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. 10 The funding of the recovery after an initial schizophrenia episode (RAISE) 11 project by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was a major recognition of the potential importance of demonstrating the effects of enhanced and . Psychological explanations are so named because they arise from major psychological perspectives, or thought socio-cultural factors, in that they stress the role of social and family relationships in the development of schizophrenia. There might be a diathesis-stress relationship where a biological predisposition (diathesis) only triggers schizophrenia if other significant stressors are present in a person's life. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are two of the most serious disorders. There are ample studies around but problems with some of the research in this area such as supporting research . Genetic Explanations of OCD: 1. Biological psychology, also called physiological psychology, is the study of the biology of behavior; it focuses on the nervous system, hormones and genetics. Summary - Token economy as a way of treatring schizophrenia. Make sure that you have completed all worksheets up to 8.9 in the PHG workpack. Discuss explanations of sleep-walking (8+16 marks) Schizophrenia. For example, monozygotic twins have a 48% . Issues and options in psychology. All may act as predisposing, triggering, or functionally modulating factors . Abstract. Lesson One (Ms Rose) - AO3 Comparing the cognitive and Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia . (8 marks) (8 marks) A 8-mark "evaluate" question awards 4 marks for describing biological explanations of unipolar depression (AO1) and 4 marks for evaluating them with reference to treatment (AO2). Using your knowledge of one mental disorder other than schizophrenia, assess how understand biological explanations of its causes may help with treatment for the disorder. However, it has been revised and added to multiple times, as scientific advancements have been made. (8 marks) A 8-mark "evaluate" question awards 4 marks for describing biological treatments (AO1) and 4 marks for evaluating them, including a comparison (AO2). 2 6 Briefly outline one psychological explanation for obesity. In Gottesman and Shield's own study the rate was 58% for identical twins, and 12% for non-identical twins. 122 experts online. Research suggests that there is a correlation between individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and delinquency and/or criminal behavior. 1x sold. AO1: Ability to outline and describe enough information/theory about the topic in order to get full marks (4). The essay plans are broken down into A01 and A02 criteria. Outline and evaluate the Psychodynamic approach to abnormality (12marks) It claims that personality develops in childhood through a number of 'psychosexual stages' and that too much or too little pleasure at one of these can lead to fixation and abnormal behaviour. Drug treatments have developed around the biological explanations of the causes of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is classified (the grouping of symptoms into categories) according to symptoms listed in diagnostic manuals- the two main ones . This idea is based on the role of chemical messengers between nerve cells called neurotransmitters. Which hypothesis is the most popular biochemical theory relating to schizophrenia? Essentially the illness is due to a breakdown of the patient's personality. A third explanation of the variations may be due to difference in sampling. Schizophrenia and Type 2 Diabetes 19th January 2017. This research is significant for students in other ways: It shows how scientific research proceeds, because Gottesman & Shields tested the hypothesis that there is a genetic component to . Schizophrenia may be caused by biological factors, one of which is genetics. If this filtering process doesn't happen, there will be sensory overload. This twin study was carried out by Irving Gottesman (left) and James Shields in the 1960s. EVALUATION: This is a problem because the biological approach to explaining OCD can be seen to be too simplistic . Essay: Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. Prepare for the schizophrenia end of unit test. There seems to be a chemical imbalance in the action of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brains of those with schizophrenia. Includes the role of genes and neural correlates (the dopamine hypothesis). Schizophrenia is caused by too much dopamine at certain synapses in the brain. Or you might get hyperactive for no reason. Essay: 'There is considerable evidence that schizophrenia is caused by biological factors. Outline and Evaluate One Biological Therapy for Schizophrenia (12 marks). Schizophrenia is a mental illness that usually occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood, but it can occur at any time in life. All twin studies found a higher concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic (MZ) than dizygotic (DZ) twins. 9. She would be cold and distant yet demanding and severe, she rejects the child but still forces the child to express emotion. Mammals need to expend energy to maintain constant body temperature, animals with high metabolic rates need to expend more energy (e.g. 2 of 15. (0) 2.99. Therefore, increased levels of dopamine produce similar effects . The original dopamine hypothesis was put forward by Van Rossum in 1967 . pyschology approaches Flashcard Maker: Anna joya. Christopher Frith (1979) argues schizophrenia is the result of a faulty attention system. EVIDENCE: For example, the biological explanation suggests that OCD is caused by the presence of the SERT or COMT gene or by a lower level of serotonin in the brain, it states that OCD is a product of just an individual's nature. Strategies for combining psychosocial and pharmacologic treatment have increasingly been studied and recommended as essential ingredients of state-of-the-art care. Discuss explanations of sleep-walking (8+16 marks) Schizophrenia. The disorder tends to run in families, with the risk of developing being higher when you have family member with schizophrenia, compared to those who do not. The psychodynamic approach by Freud suggested that schizophrenia was a result of two related processes; regression to a pre-ego state and attempts to re-establish ego control. 2 5 Discuss one or more biological explanations for schizophrenia. For example between the ages of two and four children . Attempts to re-establish . The psychodynamic explanations: family systems theory devised by Fromm-Reichmann says that Schizophrenia (Sz)is caused by Schizophrenogenic Mothers. A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenic mothers' offspring given up for adoption has been compared blindly with matched controls; i.e., adopted-away offspring of non-schizophrenic biologic parents. Evidence for the dopamine hypothesis:. The first version stated that increased dopamine activity was the cause of schizophrenia and noted that the D2 receptor was the most significant in . However, the diathesis-stress model doesn't claim this. The second major psychological theory is behaviorism. A quarter of people with schizophrenia suffer one episode but then recover; another quarter do not recover and . mice) In this sense, sleep serves the purpose of conserving One of these is an impairment in the ability to correctly interpret and predict the mental states of other people, so-called theory of mind (ToM). Discuss biological explanations of schizophrenia.
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