As Maathai ascended to the leadership of the NCWK and the GBM, international concerns and thinking with regard to the linkages between development and environment were evolving and shaping global discourse and the engagement of governments, international agencies, and NGOs. The early Gikuyu patterns of rural settlements are described by Jomo Kenyatta, Facing Mount Kenya: The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu (New York: Vintage Books, 1965); Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta Struggles: My Story, 2nd ed. In the forests of Aberdares and Mount Kenya, guerilla warfare was intense. Wangari Maathai, the most prominent environmental activist in Africa, was the 2004 recipient of the Alfred Nobel Peace Prize. Maathai was born in polygamous family. They returned to Kenya soon after independence. Born on April 1, 1940 Wangari Maathai grew up in Nyeri County, located in the central highlands of Kenya. Wangari's Words to Live By . On this farm she interacted with ordinary people from other ethnic communities as well as foreigners. Thus she became Wangari Muta Maathai, asserting her African identity and freedom to be known and called by the names she wanted (Maathai, Unbowed, 147). Interviews held on various dates in 2018 and 2019 with Prof. Wanjiku Kabira, Rev. Wangari Maathai is a young woman who saw deforestation turn the lush lands of Kenya into a barren desert. Wangari Maathai was the first African woman to win a Nobel Peace Prize. Our school calendar. Environmental Leader, Political Activist. However, no healing of the scars inflicted on you, I am convinced, can equal the soothing of the Nobel Peace Prize you have now won. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Among them were the activists and the brokers of power. Maathai, Wangari. All the girls in the school came from the same community, but were prohibited from speaking their language. Wangari Maathai, environmental activist and politician, born 1 April 1940; died 25 . 61. Prof. Hofmann had a mission to fulfill at the emerging University College, Nairobi: to establish a Department of Veterinary Anatomy in the School of Veterinary Medicine. By Mary Pipher Dr. Pipher is a clinical psychologist and the author, most recently, of "A Life in . A Tiny Seed: The Story of Wangari MaathaibyWritten by Nicola RijsdijkIllustrated by Maya MarshakIn a village on the slopes of Mount Kenya, a little girl work. Then she assumed the position of full-time coordinator of the GBM.36. In 2007, the region would explode into postelection violence, something which she had foreseen and tried hard to mitigate by cultivating a culture of peace for almost two decades. There her interest in the sciences was further nurtured by the Catholic nun teachers. The Green Belt Movement, an organization she founded in 1977, had by the early 21st century planted some 30 million trees. With hindsight this move was misguided and diversionary. But as land consolidation and registration went on in central Kenya, it was men who were registered as owners, although it was women who cultivated the land. In 1971 she received a Ph.D. at the University of Nairobi, effectively becoming the first woman in either East or Central Africa to earn a doctorate. That the GBM withstood and survived harassment from the government of Kenya and its security apparatuses was a testimony to the strength and capacity of these networks. I am sure that this honour will now usher in a new beginning with new sensibilities to match. Most people think of Ms. Maathai as an environmentalist, planting trees. The contending social forces of the colonial period persisted in postcolonial Kenya, impinging on the concept of modern marriage and incipient African womanhood. As an alternative, she chose to further her education, which led to a doctorate in the field of veterinary science from the University of Giessen, a first for an eastern African woman, for which she was widely recognized. While colonial and Western education at times alienated her from her mother tongue, culture, and home environment, it paved the way for her to achieve the highest academic distinction and many honors. . Fresh Air Weekend Fresh Air Weekend: NPR host Mary Louise Kelly; Josh Groban. The separation between the NCWK and the GBM that occurred in 1987 as a result of political pressure from the Moi regime, proved another milestone in the development of the identity and stature of Maathai as an environmental activist. The concept of Ubuntu has been widely discussed in South Africa, but here it refers to Desmond Tutus rendering of it in his book, God Is Not a Christian: Speaking Truth in Times of Crisis (London: Rider, 2013), 2124. At that time, she was working as an assistant lecturer at the University College, Nairobi. This lesson accompanies the BrainPOP topic Wangari Maathai, and supports the standard of individuals' achievements and contributions to environmental preservation. Nevertheless, it was not easy balancing bringing up three children, earning a living, carving her identity, as well as navigating through turbulent political waters.29. It diverted her critical energies from the issues that were dear to the GBM. She benefited mainly from the tide of change which was sweeping the country, not because she had articulated her own political ideas.42. Her life was a series of firsts: the first woman to gain a Ph.D. in East and Central Africa; the first female chair of a department at the University of Nairobi; and the first African woman and the first environmentalist to receive the . During this period the GBM thrived, leading to the recognition of Maathai. But years later They energized governments, development agencies, civil society organizations and, in particular, womens movements and environmental activists all over the world. 62. These groups played critical roles in shaping the values and politics that she espoused for social justice, sustainable development, and climate change. Her achievements were appealing to all ideological shades. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Dr. Wangar Muta Maathai was a Kenyan social, environmental and political activist and the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. The experience of discrimination at the Department of Zoology led Maathai to look for opportunities elsewhere. Her interactions with other womenher mother, teachers, and grassroots womenalso had a great impact on her work and commitment. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. The relevant conferences included: Environment and Development (Stockholm, Sweden, 1972), Hunger and World Food Problems (Rome, Italy, 1974), Population Growth and Development (Cairo, Egypt, 1974), Human Settlements (Vancouver, Canada, 1976), Science and Technology for Development (Vienna, Austria, 1979), and Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979). It thus became a critical constituency for experimenting with new ideas. Henry Okullu, The Quest for Justice: An Autobiography of Bishop John Henry Okullu (Kisumu, Kenya: Shalom Publishers and Computer Training Centre, 1997); and Kabiru Kinyanjui, The Christian Churches and Civil Society in Kenya, in Local Ownership, Global Change: Will Civil Society Save the World? 60. Professor Wangari Muta Maathai was born to Muta Njugi and his wife Wanjiru Muta in Nyeri, Kenya on 1st April 1940. This was a rare occurrence in her male-dominated society. 26. Their divorce was highly publicized. First, it is necessary to interrogate and appreciate the less than ideal circumstances under which the GBM rose and flourished. With Maathais guidance, the program went from a series of local womens activities into a national and international phenomenon. Events around this election occasioned unsolicited media publicity for Maathai. << /Linearized 1 /L 82815 /H [ 810 195 ] /O 26 /E 63939 /N 11 /T 82414 >> A church allied to President Moi withdrew from the NCCK in similar circumstances.34 Thereafter Maendeleo ya Wanawake was integrated within the ruling party, the Kenya African National Union (KANU), until the overwhelming defeat of the party in the general elections of 2002.35, Secondly, in 1982 for the first time, Maathai ventured into electoral politics. On Sunday, Wangari Maathai, the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, died. It focused on the value of tree-planting programs, as well as dealing with environmental deterioration in rural areas resulting from the intensified cultivation of cash crops and population growth. Children like Maathai, who were born near a missionary settlement, and whose parents allowed them to venture into the new teachings by Christian missionaries, had early access to Western education. She was narrowly defeated in the race for the top position, but was consoled by being appointed vice-chairperson, elected by an overwhelming majority. Maathai seems to have been aware of these tensions as she juggled the roles of mother, politicians wife, and university teacher, as well as affirming herself as an African womanin manner of dressing, hospitality at home, and speaking local languages to meet the expectations of her husbands constituents.28 Hence her marriage might have become a theater of contestations of different perceptions of womanhood in independent Kenya. 3. In 1966, Maathai returned to Kenya confident and with high hopes for making a contribution to the newly independent country. To begin with, Maathai had to contest for a position in the NCWK leadership. The University of Nairobi, which had denied her a job in 1982, honored her with an honorary doctorate in 2005 and hosts the Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies (WMI), which promotes research on land use, peace, and sustainable development. Individual ownership of land and the introduction of cash crops drastically altered how people related to their environment.25 The indigenous trees were cut to prepare ground for planting coffee, tea, and wetlands; sacred groves and common grazing areas were subdivided, shared, and privatized.26 The consequences of these changes were observed by the young Maathai and responded to by the GBM in the 80s and 90s. As a young girl growing up in Kenya, Wangari was surrounded by trees. To see her customs denigrated at this stage of her personal development was devastating.12 Despite that negative experience, Maathai remained proud of her culture and valued indigenous knowledge and related stories. Wangari Maathai Lesson Plan: Individual's Contributions Grade Levels: 3-5, 6-8 *Click to open and customize your own copy of the Wangari Maathai Lesson Plan . Other influential circumstances include an encounter on a settlers farm in the Nakuru region of Kenya, engagements with women in tree-planting ventures, and intense protracted struggles for the democratization of Kenya. Kibicho, God and Revelation, 72168. She creatively defied this by changing her last name to Maathai, by adding an a to her ex-husbands surname. But as painful as it was, it seems to have given Maathai a measure of latitude to pursue her interests and achieve success as an activist. It is important to acknowledge that those relationships gave her work legitimacy, visibility, and recognition, and thereby ensured funding for the GBM and provided Maathai a measure of personal protection from the authoritarian regime. 42. The attendant inequalities in the country were analyzed and flagged by the International Labour Organization Report of 1972. Wangari Muta Maathai Anchor was a prominent Kenyan environmental and political activist. Such strengths also helped to secure funding for the GBM and to ensure, in some measure, Maathais personal security. She began teaching in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy at the University of Nairobi after graduation, and in 1977 she became chair of the department. The encounter with expatriate Germans opened a unique opportunity for Maathai. 21. Dr. Samuel Kobia, Annetta Miller, Harold Miller, Ms . In her final years, she battled ovarian cancer. Leaders of the Green Belt Movement established the Pan African Green Belt Network in 1986 in order to educate world leaders about conservation and environmental improvement. Wangari Muta Maathai o o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola gangwe ka ngwaga wa 1940, mme a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le malatsi a le masome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2011, e ne e le molwela ditshwanelo tsa selegae, tikologo le polotiki wa ko lefatsheng la Kenya, o o simolodisitseng mokgatlho wa Green Belt Movement, o e leng mokgatlho o o ikemetseng ka nosi o o itebagantseng le go . endstream In 1947, she returned to Ihithe, for lack of educational opportunities at the farm. Her position at the university also opened opportunities to venture into other fields of service and leadership for which she was to become well known in addition to her academic pursuits. Roland Hoksbergen and Lowell M. Ewert (Monrovia, CA: World Vision International, 2002). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. She even gave a speech at the AfDB Groups Eminent Speakers Program in Tunis, Tunisia, on October 27, 2009.62, In Africa she made history in many respects. Maathai and other writers have described at length the methodologies and approaches utilized by the GBM to reach out to rural women, building awareness regarding the needs of the environment and the adoption of relevant innovations.31 Such were the modalities and characteristics of the movement, resulting in a culture of tree planting that was nurtured widely among Kenyans. Maathais mother, her brother Nderitu, and another member of the family made this critical decision, which would open the doors for Maathai to quality education in Kenya and eventually in the United States, thus introducing her to international networks which were to shape her future. She became the first woman in East and Central Africa to acquire such an academic degree.24 With her academic career assured in the new University of Nairobi, she became the chair of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy in 1976, and thereafter an associate professorthe first indigenous woman to acquire the rank. The impact of these policies was felt mostly in the 60s and 70s as landless poor were settled, necessitating the cutting of trees on small-scale farms and reducing forest cover in districts like Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Trans Nzoia, Nyandarua, Laikipia, and Kirinyaga. She summarized her experiences at Mount St. Scholastica College in the following manner: My four years at the Mount, and experiences I had both on and off campus, nurtured in me a willingness to listen and learn, to think critically and analytically, and to ask questions. In her lifetime, Dr. Wangari Maathai authored four books and numerous scientific publications. [i] She was born in Nyeri, part of the rural region of Kenya on the 1st of April 1940. Funding was crucial, giving Maathai a salaried job and access to resources to assist rural women to launch and maintain tree nurseries. By becoming a full-time paid coordinator, Maathai brought much needed energy and courage into the movement at a critical time of its development. The World Conference on Women held in Mexico (1975) and subsequent ones in Copenhagen (1980), Nairobi (1985), and Beijing (1995) set the stage for fundamental changes in gender policies, relations, and for womens participation in development and leadership.49, International discourse on the environment and climate change also advanced after the Stockholm conference through a series of initiatives culminating in the United Nations Conference on Environmental Development (UNCED), Earth Summit (1992), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), Johannesburg, South Africa (2002).50 Such discourse broadened debates on development, giving critical attention to issues surrounding the environment and climate change. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 24. Wangari Maathai (1940-2011), the first woman to obtain a PhD in East and Central Africa, was a scholar, and an environmental and human rights activist. Commission of Inquiry (Public Service Structure and Remuneration Commission), Kenya, Report of the Commission of Inquiry (Public Service Structure and Remuneration Commission) 19701971: D. N. Ndegwa (Nairobi, Kenya: [The Commission], 1971); and Michael Cowen and Kabiru Kinyanjui, Some Problems of Capital and Class in Kenya (Nairobi, Kenya: Institute for Development Studies, 1977). Two years later, she shifted along with her parents to a farm near Rift Valley where her father had found work. Maathai was educated in the United States at Mount St. Scholastica College (now Benedictine College; B.S. She had become a global figure. 51. Maathai, Unbowed, 112, 144, 151155. These changes started with the alienation of large tracts of land for white settlement at the onset of British colonialism. Maathai was born in a small rural village known as Ihithe in the Tetu division in what was then the Nyeri District. These skills stayed with me wherever I went from then on.20 However, this educational experience failed to expose Maathai to the ongoing civil rights struggle or the intense debates in the United States at that time on the vagaries of the Vietnam War. Instead the state officials preferred to create divisions among the GBM leadership rather than banish it. 49. The couple had their upbringing and initial education in colonial Kenya before going to the United States for university education. 11. 22 0 obj This left the NCWK in a precarious financial situation and effected the severing of relationships with many grassroots organizations. These factors, together with the limited number of schools in colonial Kenya, meant that the young Maathai was very fortunate. 55. At college in the United States, she found it confusing to be referred as Miss Wangari. In 1979, when she vied for the position of chairperson, she encountered ethnic and political intrigues, and personal innuendos, citing her as a divorced and educated woman. She was allocated a mini garden by her mother to cultivate and to learn practically how to care for plants. Further information about these conferences can be found in the Links to Digital Materials section. Cyrus G. Mutiso, Kenya: Politics Policy and Society (Nairobi, Kenya: East African Literature Bureau, 1975), 145, described the concept Asomi as Africans who early on acquired missionary education and differentiated themselves from those who had no Western education. 50, Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 1987; and Njuguna, Ngethe and Karuti, Kanyinga, The Politics of Development Space: The State and NGOs in the Delivery of Basic Services in Kenya, Working Paper, Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 1992. Hence, she decided to correct the confusion by adopting her full name, Mary Josephine Wangari Muta. She observed: Working for justice and freedom is often a lonely and dispirited business. The diversity of funding sources was remarkable in winning international support and admirers including young people (for instance, Danish school children), celebrities, NGOs, and bilateral, private foundations and UN agencies.57 This array of support attracted international interest, recognition, and awards, and cushioned the GBM and Maathai against drastic measures that were taken at that time against other civil society organizations and individuals in the country. The document argued that by creating a class of privileged rural farmers, the radicalization of peasants would be minimized, thus denying support for Mau Mau and other radical political elements. 13. While working with the National Council of Women of Kenya, Maathai developed the idea that village women could improve the environment by planting trees to provide a fuel source and to slow the processes of deforestation and desertification. << /Contents 27 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Parent 43 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /G3 38 0 R >> /Font << /F4 39 0 R /F5 40 0 R /F6 41 0 R /F7 42 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /StructParents 0 /Type /Page >> It became known as the home of renowned Mau Mau freedom fighters, outstanding postcolonial leaders, and intellectuals.4 Leaders such as the legendary freedom fighter Dedan Kimathi, former President Mwai Kibaki, and Wangari Maathai had their beginnings in the district. On her demise, she was accorded a state funeral by the Kenyan government. Forest cover was also decimated as large-scale farms were subdivided and select forest reserves were hived off for settlement purposes. In the United States Maathai landed at another Roman Catholic institution, known as Mount St. Scholastica College (later Benedictine College) where she majored in biology and minored in chemistry and German.19 Characteristically, Maathai was a keen learner in both the classroom and beyond. Wangari Muta was born on April 1, 1940, in Ihithe, Nyeri Province, Kenya during British colonial rule. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. The life of Wangari Muta Maathai (19402011) was strongly shaped by her rural environment, missionary education, and exposure to university education in the United States and Germany. Her concerns resonated with the needs and pains of ordinary mothers. Wangari Maathai, Noble Lecture, during the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, December 10, 2004; Maathai, Unbowed; and Maathai, Replenishing the Earth: Spiritual Values for Healing Ourselves and the World (New York: Doubleday, 2010). Under colonialism, indigenous Kenyan cultures were besieged. It also diffused opportunities for deepening an understanding of environment challenges in the country. Maathai was shaped by her rural environmentin which she lived on her mothers farmas well as her missionary education and later, by her education in the United States and Germany. Richard Jolly, Underestimated Influence: UN Contributions to Development Ideas, Leadership, Influence and Impact, in International Development: Ideas, Experience, and Prospects, ed. In the following year, despite political and ethnic maneuvers, she was elected to the position of chairperson and re-elected repeatedly until 1987, when she retired from the position. She was an Honorary Councillor of the World Future Council. % . endobj This affinity with the soil became a great asset when she led tree-planting campaigns. Maathais election to parliament was almost an anticlimax. Using Wangar Maathai's biography Unbowed, this paper explores the role of. It is here that the GBM mobilized women, self-help groups, and communities into tree-planting networks.44 Its reputation soared in the context of environmental advocacy, tree planting, and the raising of awareness of poverty at grassroots levels. 32. Maathai was a frequent contributor to international publications such as the Los Angeles Times and the Guardian. Her marriage brought another challenge in terms of what she could be called. Publications such as the Los Angeles Times and the first African woman to win a Nobel Prize... Growing up in Nyeri, part of the GBM.36 guidance, the program went from series. This paper explores the role of was intense and commitment in Ihithe, for of... Teachers, and climate change strengths also helped to secure funding for the GBM rose and flourished ex-husbands surname of! The 1st of April 1940 hived off for settlement purposes the author, most,! 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